In industries where customers buy substantial projects, each contract is effectively a case of type-1 rivalry – either we win it, or a competitor does. Examples include construction projects in civil engineering or process industries, IT projects for government departments, and large consultancy studies. Customers usually ask possible suppliers to…

Markets are often in a process of emergence, when new potential customers develop, driven by product and/or price improvements offered by suppliers, as well as by political, economic, social or technological change (“PEST”) factors. This customer development process has important implications, especially for type-1 rivalry. Figure 1 shows market development…